TCC - Bacharelado em Ciências Econômicas (UAST)
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Item A integração comercial do Paraguai a partir do MERCOSUL e seus efeitos sobre as relações comerciais brasilo-paraguaias(2018) Carvalho, Ivyan Larissa Barros de; Freitas, Priscila Michelle Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3255381700202901; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5149985985448159Commercial opening of the 1990s, allows countries a greater flow of foreign capital in the economies in the countries of the world. The formation of Mercosur in 1991 was important to promote the economic development of its member countries, which allowed Paraguay greater gains in trade. However, the commercial relations established between Paraguay and Brazil are approaching from the Mercosur, but it is perceived that the commercial relationship between both narrowed from 2012, with the increase of Brazilian foreign investment in Paraguayan territory. In this sense, in order to assess the impact of trade integration, the index of creation and trade diversion for the refrigeration, cement, plastics, textiles, footwear and auto parts sectors for the period from 1997 to 2016 was calculated. results found in the survey showed that despite the Mercosur tariff reductions allowing an average increase in imports by 30%, the analysis showed that the tariff reductionsallowed a substantial increase in imports of plastics, textiles and auto parts.Item Convergência Condicional da Renda dos Estados Brasileiros: uma análise a luz do modelo de Solow com capital humano(2018) Souza, Ana Cledia Ferreira de; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0739821604017578In view of the marked inequality that exists in Brazil and the improvement in the macroeconomic environment after the 2000s, this study has as main objective to analyze the hypothesis of per capita income convergence of the Brazilian states in the period from 2006 to 2014. For that, this study was performed based on the production functions of the simple and increased Solow growth models using the theory of absolute and conditional convergence. The analysis was based on the data extracted from RAIS, IPEADATA, National Treasury Secretariat. The method of estimation of results was the multiple linear regression with panel data. The empirical results are consistent with the literature on economic growth, so that investment and human capital positively affect per capita GDP growth. The depreciation parameter (n + g + d) shows a negative relationship with economic growth, as discussed in theory. The empirical analysis indicates that there is presence of both absolute convergence and conditional convergence, however, the convergence velocity increases from 0.06 in the absolute convergence model to 0.13 in the conditional convergence model with human capital. This demonstrates the effect of human capital on the productive potential of Brazilian states in the long-run equilibrium. The results indicate that the public policies carried out during the period of the research had positive effects to reduce intrestadual disparities.Item Probabilidade de ocorrência da inicialização do consumo de cigarro combinado ao consumo prévio de álcool na população brasileira(2018) Lima, Bianca Catharina de Vasconcelos Goís; Santos, Loraine Menêses dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4166590770317390; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8223270064800976Current evidence in the literature indicates that the initial consumption of alcohol can lead to a later use of cigarettes by cultural, psychological, emotional and social factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the probability of initiation of cigarette consumption, once the consumption of alcohol in the Brazilian adult population, according to gender, age, race, region and income, has started.As specific objectives, it sought to verify the proportionality of risks between alcohol and cigarette consumption concomitantly; to identify which individuals initialized cigarette consumption after the initial consumption ofalcoholic beverages; analyze the time taken for its concomitant use and the factors that led to such behavior and to verify the incidence of the combined consumption of the substances mentioned above by gender. As a methodological procedure, used secondary data from a questionnaire obtained by the National Health Survey (PNS) for the year 2013. The sample is made up of 9,717 individuals, aged over 17 years, of both sexes, living in all Brazilian regions, who initialized the consumption of alcoholic beverages and who consume or can later consume cigarettes. The data were analyzed using the following survival analysis tests: Irtest, Schoenfeld, Cox-Snell and Kaplan-Meier, which identified the proportionality of the risks of the event in question and the possible risk factors (gender, race, age group, income level and region). The data obtained demonstrated that the probability of initiation to cigarette consumption due to alcohol consumption is 0.88 times higher for men than for women; white individuals, aged 18 to 28 years and the southern region of the country presented a higher probability of initiating cigarette smoking, given the previous use of alcohol. In addition, the income variable presented a direct relation with the initiation of cigarette consumption. Regarding the mean time of initiation to the concomitant use of the substances, it was found that the older an individual, the less likely the initiation of cigarette consumption, due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. This outcome raises the possibility of intervention by Brazilian public policies that postpone consumption, through tax increases for the sale of such substances; prohibition of advertising campaigns related to alcohol and cigarettes; prohibition of advertising campaigns related to alcohol and cigarettes; in addition to the process of raising awareness among young people and women (due to the increase in their consumption over the years) through educational programs that highlight the consequences that the consumption of thetwo substances can cause.Item Avaliação dos determinantes da criminalidade no estado de Pernambuco(2018) Santos, Luiza Mikaela de Sá; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8818530074827090This work analyzes the determinants of crime inthe municipalities of Pernambuco between 2011 and 2016, and it is based on the theoretical model of Becker (1968), Brazilian economic literature and the dynamics of crime observed in Pernambuco. For this purpose, information was collectedfrom SDS/PE, IBGE, PNAD, RAIS and IPEAthat allowed the elaboration of two empirical models of crimes in panel data. The empirical results obtained in the estimations of the models were consistent with the economic crime literature and showed that, for the CVLI model (homicides, lesions followed by death.and robberies), the variables: average income, urbanization rate, population occupation rate, occurrences related to drug trafficking and CVP rates (robberies)are determining factors for the increase of crime in Pernambuco. While schooling and number of security professionalsact reducing the problem. For the CVP model, the variables: average income, urbanization rate, number of occurrences linked to drug trafficking, thefts and the number of security professionalswere presented as determinants for the increase of crime in the state. On the other hand, the variables education and occupation have a reducing role in this indicator of crime.Item A cannabis no Brasil: perspectiva histórica, legal e tendências econômicas da legalização(2018) Godoy, Isabelle de Almeida; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8645589364741734The study followed the precepts of bibliographic and documentary research, considerenting historical and social factors to explain the beginning of cannabis’ ilegality in Brazil and inquires the effectiveness of the system to combat consume and production of drugs basedon repression and prohibition. It exposes the Law of Drugs 11.343/2006 in force and its implications, exemplifying the legalization and discrimination using international cases. It analyzes the "Polígono da Maconha" and its productive potential, as well the necessary conditions to cultivate the plant, serving to study others locals with similar characteristics. Also reflects on the economics of legal, security and anti-trafficking costs, as well as the gains generated through resources that can come of legalization. Besides the effects to reduce violence and incarceration of population, promoting social welfare. The study intends to comprehend the results of cannabis’ legalization for the country, in especial, for northeastern backwoods, as well the benefits that can be obtain and possible market tendencies.Item Diferenciais salariais no Brasil: até onde a aglomeração explica?(2018) Pereira, Jefferson Doglas da Silva; Silva, Adelson Santos da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8375292876575677; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7315367991475568The main porpose of this study was to identify the contribution of the worker, firm and region's effects, focusing on the density of employment as a measure of agglomeration, on the wage differential in the Brazilian regions in the period from 2010 to 2014. The analysis was made in panel , from RAIS data, which allows the monitoring of the individual over time. Initially, mincerian equations applied to OLS models were estimated, with analysis focused on fixed effects results. Afterwards, the analysis was extended to a model involving variables interaction, to verify the explanatory potential of agglomerations. Finally, the regression method was applied by instrumental variables in order to eliminate the possible endogeneity of the employment density. The results indicated that there is a wage differential, although small attributed to the density of employment, according to the literature. It has been found that education, the sector which the worker is inserted, and the size of the firm have a strong influence on wage differentials, especially higher level individuals, those working in industry and those working in larger firms. In addition, the interactions showed strong effects on wages. Finally, it is concluded that the density of employment, characteristics of individuals, firms and region, separately and through interactions, contribute to the existence of wage differentials.Item Atuação de bancos e cooperativas de crédito em regiões com baixo dinamismo econômico(2018) Madureira, Camila Lopes e Silva; Freitas, Priscila Michelle Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3255381700202901The relationship between money and economic development is a source of study by many authors, whotry to explain the role that money plays in development, especially at the regional level. Based on the post-Keynesian slope of the non-neutrality of money, this paper proposes to analyze the role of the banks and the credit cooperative of free admission, based on data from the Credit Union of Free Admission of Pernambuco (Sicoob Pernambuco), in the regions with less economic dynamism in which it operates, these being the Sertão do Pajeú, in the state of Pernambuco and Cariri Ocidental, in the state of Paraíba.Five financial indicators developed by Crocco (2010) were used to perform this analysis. The results show that despite the fact that the Credit Union has a minor performance in the region when compared to the banking branches, Sicoob Pernambuco has proportionally offered more credit in these peripheral regions, allowing for more investments and, consequently, regional development. The decline in the supply of credit by banks may be justified by a higher preference for liquidity, generated by high levels of uncertainty present in these regions.Item As mudanças nas condições de vida da população do bairro Vila Bela, Serra Talhada –PE a partir da implementação do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida(2018) Silva, Adelma Ramos da; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867This academic work aimed to study the Program Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) on the neiborhood of Vila Bela, city of Serra Talhada in state of Pernambuco. The program was initially implemented on Brazil in 2009, with the objective of reducing the housing deficit in all Brazilian cities and at the same time stimulate economic growth with construction, in contrast to the international crisis at thetime, the program provided jobs, increase of building material trade, opportunity for low-income families to acquire their own home. With the objective of identify the extent to which PMCMV promoted changes on the living conditions of beneficiary families, a field survey was conducted in the neighborhood of Vila Bela which was planned and built for the implementation of the program in Serra Talhada city, to collect data, where a sample of one hundred and fifty families was obtained, which represents 9.4% of the population of the neighborhood. Where was obtained the expected result about the dream of home ownership for much families. It was observed on the study that although there are challenges and needs of other changes, the families interviewed and benefited by the program demonstrated satisfaction about left the rent and affirm that they had a own home. The PMCMV made possible many families to acquire a residential property and other changes in their living conditions and income.Item GAP de ineficiência operacional do PAC e os seus efeitos na infraestrutura regional: uma analise pelo lado da demanda e da oferta(2018) Almeida, Karoline Amaral de; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013This paper analyzes the opportunity cost of PAC represented by the gap between potential and actual investment and the effect on the productive structure of the Brazilian economy.They hypothesize that budgetary interference of the PACreduces the potential effect of investment in infrastructure in the economy. This inefficiency in the medium term makes the expansion of the sector's productive capacity in the country minimal.The methodology used inthe short term analysis seeks to capture the effect of demand using the estimation of the complex Keynesian multiplier in the structure of a Gap of operational inefficiency of the PAC.The verification of structural changes caused in the PAC investment sectors is performed by calculating the locational quotient (QL), the redistribution coefficient (CR) and the restructuring coefficient (Cr).According to the upward values of the gap this represents a reduction of the real effect of the PAC on the economycompared to the potential effect, thus proving the operational inefficiency of the PAC. The CR and Cr values close to zero indicate that productivity changes in 2007compared to 2017 were not significant.Item Políticas públicas como caminho para avanços econômicos e sociais: estudo de caso no assentamento rural da comunidade Baixio Verde de Salgueiro-PE(2018) Bezerra Neto, Antonio; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867Public policies are planned actions of public managers with the purpose of achieving the welfare of society. Thus, effective planning of policies is needed to meet the needs of the population to provide improvements and development of the country. This monograph is about public policies on Pronaf and Agrarian Reform and it aims to investigate public policy actions in a rural settlement in the Baixio VerdeCommunity in the city of Salgueiro in the state of Pernambuco. It is a “case study”, with descriptive and qualitative characteristics. For data collection, observations, interviews and documents were used. Therefore, to verify if the public policies of Pronaf and agrarian reform applied to the settlement were significant in order to generate conditions of improvement inthe life of the benefited farmers. Inthat regard, the study analyzed the beneficiaries of public resources (Pronaf and agrarian reform) in the settlement, as a means to determine whether the policies serve their purposes in raising the welfare of the beneficiaries.Questionnaires and interviews were applied to nine farmers in the settlement and the main results show that there was an improvement in the life of the farmers from the Pronaf and agrarian reform. Access to Pronaf's credit and access to land led to social inclusion of farmers, enabling them to increase their well-being with access to housing and the conditions to cultivate various crops on the land which raised their income. Farmers used credit for infrastructure work in the settlement and purchase of animals: cattle, goats, sheep. In general, it can be concluded from the results that the public policies of Pronaf and agrarian reform led the contemplated farmers to the improvement in their lives through the increase of production improving their income and access to housing, also, social inclusion through access to land and credit. The importance of these policies workingtogether for these farmers are also noticeable, for they would not be entitled to the Pronaf credit to finance production without having access to land to grow crops.Item Concentração industrial no entorno do Porto de Suape: o papel de fatores como economias de escala, linkages setoriais e labor pooling(2018) Pereira, José Adeilson de Lima; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980This research aims at obtaining empirical evidence on the importance of economies of scale, market linkages and labor pooling to explain the industrial concentration in the municipalities near the Suape Industrial and Port Complex. For this, the Ellison and Glaeser Index (1997) was used in a regression model, through panel data, to measure the agglomeration level of the transformation industry in this area in the period from 2003 to 2014. The results obtained were as expected, firms tend to concentrate spatially in order to take advantage of the local benefits. It was observed that firms are attracted by factors such as proximity to suppliers, skilled labor, lower transportation costs and facility sharing, as argued by Marshall (1920) and Duranton and Puga (2003).Item Estratégias empresariais e políticas públicas: o setor industrial em Pernambuco(2018) Rodrigues, Maria Raiane Rafaela; Silva, Keila Sonalle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8324151165523255The development of the industry in Pernambuco is linked to the structuring of a more diversified and intensive production base in TC & I, by incorporating innovations in business strategies and decision making. Thus, making the local environment conducive to the permanence of innovation, and consequently an upward trajectory, that composes thePernambuco national innovation system. The determination of the performance of this activity is centered in the formation of strategies and policies that were adopted by the main state and national economic actors.The paper aims to analyze the basic characteristics of the productive activities of the Pernambuco industry, in relation to the type of innovation, potentialities, strategies, Research and Development (R & D) activities and the direction of public policies for the period from 2009 to 2014. From the theoretical foundations of Neo Schumpeterian and Evolutionary theory, the innovation environment takes place through business routines and innovative strategies for the generation of knowledge, technology and innovation. These actions make up the Pernambuco Innovation System, in the presence of several institutions, organizations and the government, which seek to structure productive activities on a sustainable basis in technology and innovation. Coordinated strategies in the productive spheres trigger multiplier effects, thus allowing technological inequalities to be minimized. The methodology used is classified as descriptive based on secondary data from innovation research (PINTEC), from the period 2009 to 2014. The predominance of transformations in the internal structure of firms was observed, even in the face of the difficulties the local industry has innovative potential, expansion strategies and efficient strategies that have sought to reduce existing bottlenecks. The good local innovative performance is also linked to the public policies adopted. However, it is perceived that local government, carry out actions more attenuated to the sector, thus benefiting a larger volume of companies, since they are directed according to the profile of the localindustries. This opens up a wide range of opportunities for growth, coupled with innovation, by presenting a growing trajectory of innovative companies in a short period of time.Item Previdência social: ainda vale a pena se aposentar pela previdência pública?(2018) Morato, Welisson do Aguiar; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980The proposed reform of Social Security 287/2016 raised new concerns and corroborated those already existing with regard to this system, since the prospects for a post-employment life are put to the test. Therefore, this workintends to identify, given the current rules, whether it is worthto retire for public welfare or whether it is preferable to opt for private initiative. For this purpose, simulations were performed observing the 2008 to 2017 yields of open private pension plans and other investment options (Fixed Income and Savings), from 2010 to 2017, offered by the four largest financial institutions operating in Brazil, (RGPS) and, in the case of the own regime (RPPS), have been considered for employees hired before and the after the creation of FUNPRESP, or that migrated to this modality. Thus, the results show that the public pension plan presented the best results in relation to privatepension plans and other private investment options.Item Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM): uma análise crítica de desempenho médio dos estudantes pernambucanos(2019) Carvalho, Crisleide Pereira Leite; Bezerra, Arley Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2745072539647650; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5259229966619227This study uses ENEM 2017 microdata for the state of Pernambuco to critically analyze participants' average performance on exam scores. The results suggest that there maybe a common element to all observations: Inequality. This seems to be cyclical. This can be observed in the case of income. The results show that the low-income participants are those with the lowest scores, which reduces the chance of taking up vacancies in higher education courses at federal or private public institutions. This problem makes the growth of human capital unfeasible, which is positively related to the income level.Item Estudo comparativo dos preceitos propostos por duas correntes de pensamento: o caso da economia verde e agroecologia(2019) Silva, Mariany Barbosa da; Silva, Filipe Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0793640526993320In this paper, the discussion involves two streams of thought or conceptions of analysis on sustainable development cataloged from their references to apparently different economic models, but inserted in the same economic system, which present mediate discrepancies between their concepts, namely agroecology and the green economy. From this problem we have as a general objective: Analyze the discrepancies and convergences between the concepts brought by the principles of agroecology and the green economy in the productive processes that involve pluriactivity, multifunctionality and subsistence production of family agriculture. And while specific objectives: 1) Map the discursive structure of the classic concepts of green economy and agroecology; 2) To structure a comparative framework on sustainability before agroecological and green economy projects. The main characteristics of the green economy are the low carbon emission, efficiency in the use of resources and search for social inclusion. Parallel to this is agroecology, a science (and philosophy of life) whose main characteristic is the production of healthy and natural foods. Both the green economy and agroecological production are aimed at practices that lead to sustainable development, which is explained by a better quality of life.Item Eficiência dos gastos públicos na educação: análise dos municípios de Pernambuco(2019) Santos, Leandro Henrique Ferreira dos; Bezerra, Arley Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2745072539647650Education is and has always been fundamental to the development of any society. Therefore, trying to understand if public spending in this area is being applied correctly or not becomes very important, since having a notion of the quality of public spending, one can guarantee a better efficiency of the allocative function of resources. More specifically, this research seeks to measure the technical efficiency and scale scores of the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) in the area of education for the municipalities of Pernambuco, that is, it seeks to evaluate the efficiency of public spending on education. municipalities, identifying which are the most and least efficient. To meet the objectives, we used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model for 133 Pernambuco municipalities for the period 2013-2017. The data showed a large number of efficient municipalities for the state of Pernambuco, that is, obtained their efficiency ratios (E) equal to 1. However, it was found that the richest municipalities are not necessarily always efficient in the use of public resources, while having a lower income level had better input management in some cases.Item Análise descritiva do montante de contratações do PRONAF realizados pelo Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, agência Serra Talhada - PE, no período de 2010 a 2018(2019) Amaral, Maciel Batista do; Santos, Loraine Menêses dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4166590770317390The purpose of this work is to provide a quantitative descriptive analysis of the amount of contracting under the PRONAF (National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture) carried out by the Bank of the Northeast of Brazil, in the municipalities covered by the Serra Talhada Agency in the period from 2010 to 2018, through data available on the bank's own website. Additionally, analyzing the inter-municipal oscillations throughout the period, comparing with the volume of hirings by the Program, in the state of Pernambuco and in all the coverage of the bank. As a main result, it was verified that the Serra Talhada Agency - PE was responsible for more than R $ 110 million of PRONAF hiring in the period, an average of 4.44% of the total of Pernambuco, showing its important relevance in the application of the Program. The analysis by municipalities showed a positive relation between rural population size and territorial extension with the volume of contracting, being Serra Talhada and São José do Belmonte the largest contractors of the period. Finally, the study of hiring by groups highlighted the importance of the small family farmer, since, even in the lowest income bracket (gross annual family income of up to R $ 23,000.00), PRONAF Group "B" was responsible for more of the hiring of the period.Item Uma análise da evolução da indústria pernambucana em 2007 e 2017(2019) Souza, Maria Aparecida Gomes da Costa; Bezerra, Arley Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2745072539647650The present work has as main objective to identify the locational standard of the transformation industry of Pernambuco, its specialization and concentration in the state territory. Based on localization theory, growth pole and export basis, and theoreticians such as: Von Thünen, Christaller, Loach, Perroux, Weber and North, among others. The research sought to situate the economic evolution of PE in the years 2007 and 2017, considering the changes occurred in the economic scenario of the state. Therefore, the study is based on the application of spatial analysis indicators, focusing on the 19 microregions of Pernambuco in the 13 sectors of the transformation industry. Methodologically, specialization and localization indicators were used: Locational Quotient (QL), Specialization Coefficient (CE) and Coefficient of Localization (CL). The formal employment, obtained in RAIS, from the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) was taken as a variable. The result of the analysis revealed that the economic structure of Pernambuco is concentrated in the production of non-durable consumer goods, with the highlight being the food and beverage industry, followed by the textile sector. Regarding the location the microregions of outstanding industrial are: Recife, Mata Meridional, Mata Setentrional, Vale do Ipojuca e Suape.Item Inovação no setor alimentício do Nordeste: o caso do estado de Pernambuco(2019) Carvalho, Karine Imaculada Nunes de; Silva, Keila Sonalle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8324151165523255; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2764746535986482The objective of this paper is to analyze the food industry, considered one of the largest and most important for the Brazilian economy, with results in terms of higher industry billings. As a result of constant changes in consumer tastes and preferences, this industrial sector has been seeking through innovation, to improve products and / or processes; or even in creating something new for the company or market. The present work intends to trace the innovation profile in the food industry of the Northeast, emphasizing the state of Pernambuco. The method used to achieve this is, first of all, a bibliographical revision of the neoschumpeterian and evolutionist theory; and then a quantitative and descriptive analysis, based on secondary data provided by the PINTEC - IBGE database, for the period from 2001 to 2014. For this purpose, the analysis will include expenditures on R & D, the characteristics of the employed labor force in the food industry and in policies to support and encourage innovation. The paper seeks to show the truth of the hypothesis defined here, which defends the idea that there is insufficiency or inefficiency of governmental policies and programs aimed at innovation in the food industry of the Northeast region, especially in the state of Pernambuco. As a result, it was observed that in Pernambuco, the government participates minimally in financing internal R & D activities. In addition, the state presents a labor force with a volume of qualified professionals lower than Ceará, for example. However, the state's food industry is strong and flexible, funding its own activities and adapting to its difficultiesItem Prêmio salarial urbano x prêmio de migração: uma análise para os trabalhadores brasileiros(2019) Almeida, Breno Augusto da Silva; Silva, Adelson Santos da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2053345149946496The Brazil, being a country with a large territorial dimension and strong socio-cultural and economic characteristics, has in migration a current and significant fact. Faced with this, many researchers have been motivated to analyze the nature of migration and its impact on the regional economic sphere as well as on the national economic sphere. Santos and Ferreira (2007) verified that interstate migrants are positively selected, that is, they have better unobservable characteristics than non-migrants. In addition, in recent years, several studies are being designed to locate a wage premium in large urban centers in order to verify the existence of an additional gain in the productivity of individuals due to the phenomenon of migration to these locations. In this sense, this paper proposes to investigate the relationship between migration and the wage premium of Brazilian workers and its impacts on the structure of wage differentials, as well as to analyze the effect of size of urban centers in determining the wage premium of these workers. To do this, RAIS-MTE data will be used between 2010 and 2014, where the main advantage is the longitudinal monitoring of individuals, besides allowing the control of the selection problem, when including the fixed effect. Thus, by including the fixed effects in our analysis, it is possible to capture the effect of selection and the process of adjustment among migrants. The results point to wage gains in favor of the migrant individual, although these are reduced when controlled by observable and unobservable characteristics of workers, which would be associated with the influence of urban centers on worker productivity.